Cow-calf contact systems are attracting increasing interest among farmers and some are already being implemented into dairy farms. However, a comprehensive assessment of animal welfare in these systems is lacking. One reason for this is the large amount of time required for behavioral observations. However, the increased use of sensors in herd management assistance systems offers new opportunities for an automated monitoring of animal welfare. For example, accelerometers can be used to collect activity data for a specific pattern analysis. In this study, ultra- and circadian rhythms of cows were analyzed. The Degree of Functional Coupling (DFC; range of values: 0–1) expresses the extent to which the activity is significantly cyclic to 24h, and therefore harmonically synchronized with the periodicity of the environment. A DFC of 1 indicates complete adaptation of the cows' activity rhythm to the 24h day. Additionally, the Diurnality Index (DI) is used to examine the distribution of diurnal and nocturnal activity. A DI of 1 indicates complete diurnal activity, whereas −1 indicates complete nocturnal activity. The rhythms of healthy and well-adapted animals show high adaptation to the 24h day, whereas external or endogenous effects can interfere with these rhythms. Although contact with their calves allows cows to behave more naturally, it is possible that calves demanding their mothers' attention may affect the cows' rhythmicity, similar to other external factors. To test this hypothesis, 2 herds of German Holstein cows, housed in a mirrored loose housing system were included in the study, which was conducted over 2 experimental periods. Three treatments were applied, differing in contact between cow and calf. The Contact dams had either whole-day or daytime contact with their calves, and the No-contact cows were separated from their calves directly postpartum. Accelerometers were used to record and analyze the cows' activity between 59 and 83 DIM, thus excluding the calving and weaning phases. Generalized linear mixed models were used to estimate the effect of treatment (no, daytime and whole-day contact) on DFC and DI, considering the effects of estrus, deviation of milking start in the evening or parity (primi- vs. multiparous). Finally, the harmonic period lengths of the activity patterns were extracted to analyze the distribution of the primarily expressed period lengths of the different treatments. In general, the average activity patterns of the cows did not differ between the treatments. However, dams with whole-day contact showed a lower activity peak before milking but a higher activity after evening milking. Nevertheless, the DFC and DI were similar in each group. During estrus, the chance of a maximum DFC decreased and the DI increased. Whole-day contact dams showed the most significant harmonic periods (33 per cow). Nevertheless, the primarily expressed period length (3.4h) was equal in each treatment. In conclusion, neither contact with the calf nor its daily duration affected the ultra- and circadian rhythms of dams compared with cows separated from their calf.
