The use of antibiotics is not permitted in Switzerland; moreover, no other medication exists to combat European foul brood. Hives with symptoms must therefore be destroyed in order to limit the outbreak, and the contaminated material must be sanitised. Since prevention is the best cure, early detection is desirable. Numerous studies have been undertaken and documents have been created at the Swiss Bee Research Centre and elsewhere to draw the attention of beekeepers to these problems and inform them about the causes and the control measures to be implemented.
Ishii M., Carter B. R., Toyama K., Rodgers K. B., Feely R. A., Chau T., Chevallier F., Desmet F., Gregor L., Iida Y., Kitamura Y., Müller J. D., Tsujino H.
CO2 uptake in the Pacific from 1985 to 2018: A comparative assessment of observation‐ and model‐based estimates.
Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 39, (5), 2025, Artikel e2024GB008355.
As a contribution to the second REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes effort, we compare net and anthropogenic sea‐air CO2 fluxes, CO2 accumulation rates in the ocean interior and their trends in the Pacific Ocean by analyzing results from state‐of‐the‐art observation‐based estimates and global ocean biogeochemistry models (GOBMs) over the period 1985–2018. The ensemble‐mean net CO2 fluxes integrated over the Pacific (44°S–62°N) are −0.41 ± 0.12 PgC yr−1 from pCO2 products and −0.51 ± 0.16 PgC yr−1 from GOBMs. The anthropogenic CO2 flux from GOBMs (−0.71 ± 0.10 PgC yr−1) is 1.4 times as large as the net CO2 flux, with particularly large anthropogenic uptake in the equatorial region (−0.34 ± 0.03 PgC yr−1) significantly offsetting the large natural CO2 outgassing there (+0.72 ± 0.06 PgC yr−1). The basin‐wide net CO2 uptake has increased at similar mean rates of −0.09 ± 0.06 and −0.08 ± 0.02 PgC yr−1 decade−1 in pCO2 products and GOBMs, respectively, comparable with the increase in anthropogenic CO2 uptake of −0.10 ± 0.01 PgC yr−1 decade−1 in GOBMs. However, a notable mismatch in the trend of the net CO2 flux change that exists between pCO2 products (+0.00 ± 0.02 PgC yr−1 decade−1) and GOBMs (−0.04 ± 0.01 PgC yr−1 decade−1) in the equatorial region is yet to be resolved. The rate of anthropogenic CO2 accumulation from GOBMs is +0.76 ± 0.17 PgC yr−1. This is nearly balanced with the anthropogenic CO2 flux and is also encompassed by the previous observation‐based estimates.
