The use of antibiotics is not permitted in Switzerland; moreover, no other medication exists to combat European foul brood. Hives with symptoms must therefore be destroyed in order to limit the outbreak, and the contaminated material must be sanitised. Since prevention is the best cure, early detection is desirable. Numerous studies have been undertaken and documents have been created at the Swiss Bee Research Centre and elsewhere to draw the attention of beekeepers to these problems and inform them about the causes and the control measures to be implemented.
Schoch CL. , Robbertse B., Robert V. , Vu D. , Cardianli G. , Irinyi L. , Meyer W. , Nilsson RH., Hughes K. , Miller AN., Kirk PM., Abarenkov K. , Aime MC, Ariyawansa HA, Bidartondo M. , Boekhout T. , Buyck B. , Cai Q. , Chen J. , Crespo A., Crous PW. , Damm U. , De Beer ZW., Dentinger BTM., Divakar PK, Duenas M. , Feau N. , Fliegerova N. , Garcia MA., Ge Z-W., Griffith GW., Groenewald JZ, Groenewald M. , Grube M. , Gryzenhout M. , Gueidan C., Guo L. , Hambleton S. , Hamelin R. , Hansen K. , Hofstetter V., Hong SB. , Houbraken J. , Hyde KD. , Inderbitzin P. , Johnston PR. , Karunarathna SC., Koljalg U. , Kovacs GM, Kraichak E. , Krizsan K. , Kurtzman CP. , Larsson K-H., Leavitt S. , Letcher PM. , Liimatainen K. , Liu J-K., Lodge JD., Luangsa-ard JJ., Lumbsch TH. , Maharachchikumbura SSN., Manamgoda D. , Martin MP., Minnis AM. , Moncalvo J-M. , Mulè G., Nakasone KK. , Niskanen T. , Olariaga I. , Papp T. , Petkovits T. , Pino-Bodas R. , Powell MJ. , Raja HA. , Redecker D. , Sarmiento-Ramirez AM., Seifert KA., Shrestha B. , Stenroos S. , Stielow B. , Suh S-O. , Tanaka K. , Tedersoo L. , Telleria MT., Udayanga D. , Untereiner WA. , Uribeondo JD. , Subbarao KV., Vagvölgyi C. , Visagie C. , Voigt K. , Walker DM. , Weir BS., Weiss M. , Wijayawardene NN. , Wingfield MJ., Xu J-P., Yang ZL. , Zhang N. , Zhuang W-Y., Federhen S.
Finding needles in haystacks: linking scientific names, reference specimens and molecular data for Fungi.
DNA phylogenetic comparisons have shown that morphology-based species recognition often underestimates fungal diversity. Therefore, the need for accurate DNA sequence data, tied to both correct taxonomic names and clearly annotated specimen data, has never been greater. Furthermore, the growing number of molecular ecology and microbiome projects using high-throughput sequencing require fast and effective methods for en masse species assignments. In this article, we focus on selecting and re-annotating a set of marker reference sequences that represent each currently accepted order of Fungi. The particular focus is on sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region in the nuclear ribosomal cistron, derived from type specimens and/or ex-type cultures. Re-annotated and verified sequences were deposited in a curated public database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), namely the RefSeq Targeted Loci (RTL) database, and will be visible during routine sequence similarity searches with NR_prefixed accession numbers. A set of standards and protocols is proposed to improve the data quality of new sequences, and we suggest how type and other reference sequences can be used to improve identification of Fungi.
