The use of antibiotics is not permitted in Switzerland; moreover, no other medication exists to combat European foul brood. Hives with symptoms must therefore be destroyed in order to limit the outbreak, and the contaminated material must be sanitised. Since prevention is the best cure, early detection is desirable. Numerous studies have been undertaken and documents have been created at the Swiss Bee Research Centre and elsewhere to draw the attention of beekeepers to these problems and inform them about the causes and the control measures to be implemented.
Patocchi A., Wehrli A., Dubuis P.-H., Auwerkerken A., Leida C., Cipriani G., Passey T., Staples M., Didelot F., Philion V., Peil A., Laszakovits H., Rühmer T., Boeck K., Baniulis D., Strasser K., Vávra R., Guerra W., Masny S., Ruess F., Le Berre F., Nybom H., Tartarini S., Spornberger A., Pikunova A., Bus V.G.M.
Ten years of VINQUEST: first insight for breeding new apple cultivars with durable apple scab resistance.
Apple scab, caused by Venturia inaequalis, is a major fungal disease worldwide. Cultivation of scab-resistant cultivars would reduce the chemical footprint of apple production. However, new apple cultivars carrying durable resistances should be developed to prevent or at least slow the breakdown of resistance against races of V. inaequalis. One way to achieve durable resistance is to pyramid multiple scab resistance genes in a cultivar. The choice of the resistance genes to be combined in the pyramids should take into account the frequency of resistance breakdown and the geographical distribution of apple scab isolates able to cause such breakdowns. In order to acquire this information and to make it available to apple breeders, the VINQUEST project (www.vinquest.ch) was initiated in 2009. Ten years after launching this project, 24 partners from 14 countries regularly contribute data. From 2009 to 2018 nearly 9000 data points have been collected. This information has been used to identify the most promising apple scab resistance genes for developing cultivars with durable resistance, which to date are: Rvi5, Rvi11, Rvi12, Rvi14 and Rvi15. As expected, Rvi1, together with Rvi3 and Rvi8, were often overcome, hence have little value for scab resistance breeding. Rvi10 may also belong to this group. On the other hand Rvi2, Rvi4, Rvi6, Rvi7, Rvi9, and Rvi13 are still useful for the breeding, but their use is recommended only in extended pyramids of (≥3) resistance genes.
