Following PRISMA guidelines, we conduct a scoping review on 18 empirical studies on nudging interventions for farmers in Europe and the USA. The evidence on the effectiveness of nudges is mixed. Some studies demonstrate positive outcomes, particularly when nudges are combined with other interventions; others report no effect or negative outcomes. We identified several gaps in the literature. For example, the cost-effectiveness, acceptability, persistence of behavioral change, and unintended effects of nudging interventions remain largely unexamined. Moreover, most studies have limited real-world applicability, and few use representative samples of farmers. Additionally, transparency is limited, for example, few studies are pre-registered and share data.
