This paper presents an analysis of studies on the genetic diversity of forest-forming tree species, from a historical perspective. Four key directions in their development have been highlighted: ecological, geographical, phenotypic, with the selection of the best variants, population genetics, as well as morphological and physiological. The incorporation of these methods into the practice of forestry rests on conventional as well as modern methodologies for assessing and choosing arboreal species. The identification of trees through traditional means relies on the analysis of diverse morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Unconventional methodologies encompass the utilization of indicators for terpene hydrocarbon content and isozyme analysis, as well as the examination of genetic variability at the DNA level. Presently, the scientific discipline of genomics is advancing at a swift pace, enabling the acquisition of essential genetic information and the development of very informative molecular genetic markers, including microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Forest genetic resources can be utilized efficiently for investigating the genetic diversity of forests, their resilience to climate change, and for devising breeding strategies. Forest genomics has made significant progress in the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the genomes of various conifer species such as Picea abies (L.) Karst., Picea glauca Voss., Pinus taeda L., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Pinus sibirica Du Tour. Simultaneously, in conjunction with biochemical techniques and conventional research practices, novel strategies are required to address genetic and breeding challenges in forestry. These approaches should consider the length of ontogeny of tree species, age-related alterations in their development, and the mechanisms of genotype implementation in particular environments.
