Following alarming studies on insect declines, evidence for contrasting patterns in temporal insect trends is growing. Differences in environmental conditions (e.g., climate), anthropogenic pressures (e.g., land-use and climate change), and insect community composition may drive contrasting trends. With increasing elevation, these factors change quickly, which makes elevational gradients an ideal study case to disentangle their roles for differences in temporal trends. We thus analysed 2.8 million moth records collected in Switzerland. Fifty-year trends (1972–2021) depended on local conditions and insect community composition: moth abundance, richness and biomass at low elevation decreased but increased at high elevation. These changes mainly concerned cold-adapted, mono- and oligophagous, and pupal overwintering species, which shifted their ranges upwards. Our results point to climate change but also intensive land use and light pollution as drivers of moth community changes and suggest that high-elevation habitats as refugia could be key to sustain moth diversity.
